Menene DNA?

Tsarin DNA da Siffar

DNA, wanda kuma aka sani, kamar yadda deoxyribonucleic acid wani kwayoyin halitta ne, wanda gungu ne na atom da ke makale tare. Dangane da DNA, ana haɗa waɗannan ƙwayoyin zarra don su zama sifar tsani mai tsayi mai tsayi. Za mu iya ganin hoton nan a fili don gane siffar DNA.

Idan ka taɓa nazarin ilmin halitta, ƙila ka ji cewa DNA tana aiki azaman tsari ko girke-girke na abubuwa masu rai. Ta yaya a duniya kawai kwayoyin halitta za su iya yin aiki a matsayin sifa don wani abu mai rikitarwa da ban mamaki kamar itace, kare da mutane? Wannan abin mamaki ne kwarai.

DNA yana ɗaya daga cikin jagororin koyarwa na ƙarshe. Yana da rikitarwa fiye da kowane yadda ake yin littafin da kuka taɓa amfani da shi. Dukkan jagorar koyarwa an rubuta su cikin lamba. Idan ka kalli tsarin sinadaran DNA da kyau, zai nuna manyan tubalan gini guda hudu. Muna kiran waɗannan tushe na nitrogen: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), da Cytosine (C). DNA kuma ya haɗa da sukari da ƙungiyoyin phosphate (wanda aka yi da phosphorus da oxygen). Wadannan suna yin phosphate-deoxyribose kashin baya.

Idan kayi tunanin tsarin DNA a matsayin tsani, an yi matakan matakan daga tushen nitrogen. Waɗannan ginshiƙan sun haɗu don yin kowane mataki na tsani. Har ila yau, suna haɗuwa ne kawai ta wata hanya ta musamman. (A) ko da yaushe suna haɗe da (T) da (G) koyaushe suna haɗe da (C). Wannan yana da matukar mahimmanci lokacin da lokaci yayi don kwafi duka ko ɓangaren DNA.

Don haka, don amsa tambayar, menene DNA? DNA shine tsarin kwayoyin halitta don abu mai rai. DNA yana haifar da RNA, kuma RNA yana haifar da furotin, kuma sunadaran suna ci gaba da samar da rayuwa. Wannan tsari gaba ɗaya yana da sarƙaƙiya, daɗaɗɗe da sihiri kuma gabaɗaya ya dogara ne akan sinadarai waɗanda za'a iya nazari da fahimta.

Yadda za a Rarraba Rubutun DNA?

Kamar yadda muka ce ana iya yin nazari da kuma fahimtar DNA, amma ta yaya za mu yi? Masana kimiyya suna koyo da bincike kuma suna bincika su. Mutane suna amfani da gel electrophoresis don ware DNA don ƙarin bincike. Gel electrophoresis wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita don raba gutsuttsuran DNA (ko wasu macromolecules, irin su RNA da sunadarai) gwargwadon girmansu da cajinsu. Electrophoresis ya ƙunshi tafiyar da halin yanzu ta hanyar gel mai ɗauke da kwayoyin sha'awa. Dangane da girmansu da cajin su, kwayoyin za su yi tafiya ta hanyar gel ta hanyoyi daban-daban ko kuma a cikin sauri daban-daban, suna ba da damar rabuwa da juna. Yin amfani da electrophoresis, za mu iya ganin adadin gutsuttsuran DNA daban-daban da ke cikin samfurin da girman girmansu da juna.

Idan kuna son yin gel electrophoresis, da farko kuna buƙatar kayan aikin gwaji masu alaƙa, tantanin halitta na electrophoresis (tanki/ɗaki) da samar da wutar lantarki. Hoton da ke gaba yana nuna tantanin halitta electrophoresis kwance (tanki/ɗaki) ƙirarSaukewa: DYCP-31DNda kuma samar da wutar lantarki samfurinDAY-6Ddaga Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd don DNA gel electrophoresis.

Gel electrophoresis ya ƙunshi gel, wanda shine nau'in Jello-kamar abu. Ana amfani da gels don rabuwar DNA sau da yawa agarose, wanda ya zo a matsayin bushe, flakes foda. Lokacin da aka yi zafi da agarose a cikin buffer (ruwa tare da wasu gishiri a ciki) kuma a bar shi ya yi sanyi, zai samar da gel mai ƙarfi, dan kadan. A matakin kwayoyin, gel shine matrix na kwayoyin agarose waɗanda aka haɗa tare da haɗin hydrogen kuma suna samar da ƙananan pores.

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Bayan shirya gel ɗin, sanya gel ɗin a cikin jikin tanki na sel na electrophoresis, sannan a zuba maganin buffer a cikin tankin buffer har sai an nutsar da gel. Sannan ana ɗora samfuran DNA cikin rijiyoyi (indentations) a ƙarshen gel ɗin, kuma ana amfani da wutar lantarki don jan su ta cikin gel. Ana caje guntuwar DNA ɗin da ba daidai ba, don haka suna matsawa zuwa ingantacciyar wutar lantarki. Domin duk gutsuttsuran DNA suna da adadin kuɗi ɗaya a kowace taro, ƙananan guntu suna motsawa ta gel ɗin da sauri fiye da manyan. Bayan tafiyar gel electrophoresis, an raba sassan DNA; kuma masu binciken za su iya bincika gel ɗin kuma su ga irin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka samo akan sa. Lokacin da gel ɗin ya lalace tare da rini mai ɗaurin DNA kuma aka sanya shi a ƙarƙashin hasken UV, gutsuwar DNA za su yi haske, yana ba mu damar ganin DNA ɗin da ke cikin wurare daban-daban tare da tsawon gel ɗin.

Sai dai sel electrophoresis (tankuna/ɗakuna) da samar da wutar lantarki, Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd kuma tana ba da transilluminator UV, wanda zai iya lura da ɗaukar hotuna don furotin da DNA electrophoresis gel. SamfurinSaukewa: WD-9403Bmai ɗaukar hoto ne mai ɗaukar hoto na UV don lura da gel DNA electrophoresis gel. SamfurinWD-9403Fzai iya lura, ɗaukar hotuna don duka furotin da gel DNA.